悉尼大学

悉尼大学(The University of Sydney)，始建于1850年，是一所坐落于澳大利亚新南威尔士州首府悉尼的公立研究型大学，为砂岩学府、澳大利亚八校联盟、环太平洋大学联盟、英联邦大学协会、全球高校人工智能学术联盟、新工科教育国际联盟、亚太国际贸易教育暨研究联盟的成员。同时也是AACSB、AMBA 和EQUIS认证大学及欧洲全球管理教育联盟CEMS成员(每国地区仅一所大学入选)。悉尼大学注重理论与实践相结合，教育、法学、医学、会计与金融 、政治与国际研究、建筑、音乐、文学、语言学、药学和药理学、护理学 等专业均位列2021QS世界前20。悉尼大学位列2022泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名第58位 ，2022QS世界大学排名第38位 ，2022U.S. News世界大学排名第28位 ，2021软科世界大学学术排名第69位 ，2022QS毕业生就业竞争力排名全澳第1位，世界第4位  ，2022泰晤士高等教育世界大学影响力排名世界第52位 。悉尼大学法学院是澳大利亚TOP级和高考入学分数TOP的法学院之一。在国际上亦是极具影响力的法学院：悉尼大学法学院南半球历史第1悠久的法学院。悉尼大学法学院受到国际学术界的广泛认可和赞誉，悉尼大学与牛津大学和剑桥大学法学院签订了直升通道，即悉尼大学法学院学生可以在就读两年后直接转升读牛津大学法律系，并以获得两校法律系学位而毕业。悉尼大学也和美国众多法学院建立了学分互换的协议，值得一提的是，悉尼大学法学院是哈佛大学在澳洲承认学分互换的法学院。

悉尼大学法学院受到国际业界的广泛认可和赞誉，众多毕业生身居要职如前联合国秘书长Dr. H. V. Evatt，前世界银行总裁James Wolfensohn，前牛津大学法学院院长Michael Spence和负责编制人类发展报告的联合国人类发展报告处的现任主任Jeni Klugman。

悉尼大学法学院的毕业生们掌控者澳洲的政治命脉，悉尼大学是培育出了澳洲许多位总理的澳洲学府，包括第1任总理Sir Edmund Barton和前总理Tony Abbott（托尼·阿博特），也包括被誉为澳洲历史上TOP成功曾四度连任的总理，约翰·温斯顿·霍华德，在上个十年间，曾出现过，澳洲所有政党的党魁（自由党John Howard 国民党John Anderson 工党Mark Latham 绿党Bob Brown）全部毕业于悉尼大学的佳话，悉尼大学毕业生对澳洲政坛的统治力可见一斑。悉尼大学法学院的毕业生们掌控者澳洲的经济命脉，根据美国广播公司的报道，悉尼大学是培育出澳洲数目TOP的亿万富翁的学府，富翁校友数目在国际上也仅次于剑桥和LSE。的确，悉尼大学对澳洲经济的贡献是巨大的，典型的例子就是前澳洲投行麦格理银行总裁艾伦·莫斯，在艾伦·莫斯1977年入职之时，麦格理银行只是一个员工数目50人名不见经传的小企业，但在30年后退休时，麦格理银行已经成为了员工人数近一万五千人，排名大洋洲第1，世界第7的一线投行，对韩国资产的收购，让麦格理成为韩国第1的海外资产管理机构。艾伦·莫斯的退休金为5亿人民币，是澳洲历史上第1的退休金补偿金。另外，澳洲现任中央银行行长，和澳? ?四大银行的首席经济学家全部毕业于悉尼大学。

The University of Sydney (USYD, or informally Sydney Uni) is a public research university located in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1850 as Australia's first university, it is regarded as one of the world's leading universities. The university is one of Australia's six sandstone universities. The university comprises eight academic faculties and university schools, through which it offers bachelor, master and doctoral degrees.

The QS World University Rankings ranked the university as one of the world's top 25 universities for academic reputation, and top 4 in the world and first in Australia for graduate employability. It is one of the first universities in the world to admit students solely on academic merit, and opened their doors to women on the same basis as men.

Five Nobel and two Crafoord laureates have been affiliated with the university as graduates and faculty. The university has educated eight Australian prime ministers, including incumbent Anthony Albanese; two governors-general of Australia; thirteen premiers of New South Wales, including incumbent Dominic Perrottet; and 24 justices of the High Court of Australia, including four chief justices. The university has produced 110 Rhodes Scholars and 19 Gates Scholars.

The University of Sydney is a member of the Group of Eight, CEMS, the Association of Pacific Rim Universities and the Association of Commonwealth Universities.

History

1850–1950

In 1848, William Wentworth, a University of Cambridge graduate, and Sir Charles Nicholson, a graduate of medicine from the University of Edinburgh Medical School, proposed a plan to expand the existing Sydney College into a larger university in the New South Wales Legislative Council. Wentworth argued that a state secular university was imperative for the growth of a society aspiring towards self-government, and that it would provide the opportunity for "the child of every class, to become great and useful in the destinies of his country". It took two attempts on Wentworth's behalf before the plan was finally adopted.

The university was estab lished via the passage of the University of Sydney Act 1850 (NSW) on 24 September 1850, and was assented on 1 October 1850 by governor Sir Charles Fitzroy. Two years later, the university was inaugurated on 11 October 1852 in the Big Schoolroom of what is now Sydney Grammar School. The first principal was John Woolley, the first professor of chemistry and experimental physics was John Smith.[13] On 27 February 1858, the university received a royal charter from Queen Victoria, giving degrees conferred by the university rank and recognition equal to those given by universities in the United Kingdom. By 1859, the university had moved to its current site in the Sydney suburb of Camperdown.

In 1858, the passage of the Electoral Act provided for the university to become a constituency for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as soon as there were 100 graduates of the university holding higher degrees eligible for candidacy. This seat in the New South Wales legislature was first filled in 1876, but was abolished in 1880, one year after its second member, Sir Edmund Barton, who later became the first&nbs p;Prime Minister of Australia, was elected to the Legislative Assembly.

Most of the estate of John Henry Challis was bequeathed to the university, which received a sum of ?200,000 in 1889. This was thanks in part due to Sir William Montagu Manning (chancellor 1878–95) who argued against the claims by British tax commissioners. The following year, seven professorships were created in anatomy, zoology, engineering, history, law, logic and mental philosophy, and modern literature.

In 1924, the university awarded its first Doctor of Science in Engineering degree to John Bradfield. His thesis was titled "The City and Suburban Electric Railways and the Sydney Harbour Bridge". Bradfield went on to be the lead engineer for the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

The university's professor of philosophy from 1927 to 1958, John Anderson, was a significant figure referred to as "Sydney's best known academic". A native of Scotland, Anderson's controversial views as a self-proclaimed atheist and advocate of free thought in all subjects raised the ire of many, even to the point of being censured by the state legislature in 1943.

1950–2000

The PhD research degree was first discussed in 1944, and began in 1947. The university awarded the first PhD in 1951 to William H. Wittrick from the Faculty of Engineering on 28 April 1951 and the next two were awarded to Eleanora C. Gyarfas and George F. Humphrey from the Faculty of Science on 2 May 1951.

The New England University College was founded as part of the University of Sydney in 1938 and in 1954 was separated to become the University of New England.

During the late 1960s, the University of Sydney was at the centre of rows to introduce courses on Marxism and feminism at the major Australian universities. At one stage, newspaper reporters descended on the university to cover brawls, demonstrations, secret memos and a walk-out by David Armstrong, a philosopher who held the Challis Chair of Philosophy from 1959 to 1991, after students at one of his lectures openly demanded a course on feminism. The philosophy department split over the issue into the Traditional and Modern Philosophy Department, headed by Armstrong and following a more traditional approach to philosophy, and the General Philosophy Department, which follows the French continental approach. The Builders Labourers Federation placed a ban on the university after two women tutors were not allowed to teach a course but the issue was quickly resolved internally.

Under the terms of the Higher Education (Amalgamation) Act 1989 (NSW), the following bodies were incorporated into the university in 1990:

· Sydney branch of the Sydney Conservatorium of Music

· Cumberland College of Health Sciences

· Sydney College of the Arts of the Institute of the Arts

· Sydney Institute of Education of the Sydney College of Advanced Education (prior to 1981, named the Sydney Teachers College).

· Institute of Nursing Studies of the Sydney College of Advanced Education

· Guild Centre of the Sydney College of Advanced Education.

The Orange Agricultural College (OAC) was originally transferred to the University of New England under the act, but then transferred to the University of Sydney in 1994, as part of the reforms to the University of New England undertaken by the University of New England Act 1993 and the Southern Cross University Act 1993. In January 2005, the University of Sydney transferred the OAC to Charles Sturt University.

2000–present

In February 2007, the university agreed to acquire a portion of the land granted to St John's College (a residential college of the university) to develop the Sydney Institute of Health and Medical Research, now the Charles Perkins Centre, named in honour of the first Indigenous Australian man to graduate from the university, Charles Perkins.

In 2010, the university received a Pablo Picasso painting from the private collection of an anonymous donor. The painting, Jeune Fille Endormie, which had not been publicly seen since 1939, depicts the artist's lover, Marie-Thérèse Walter and was donated on the strict understanding that it would be sold and the proceeds directed to medical research. In June 2011, the painting was auctioned at Christie's in London and sold for ?13.5 million ($20.6 million AUD). The proceeds of the sale funded the establishment of many endowed professorial chairs at the Charles Perkins Centre, where a room dedicated to the painting, now exists.

At the start of 2010, the university controversially adopted a new logo. It retains the same university arms, however it takes on a more modern look. There have been stylistic changes, the main one being the coat of arm's mantling, the shape of the escutcheon (shield), the removal of the motto scroll, and also others more subtle within the arms itself, such as the mane and fur of the lion, the number of lines in the open book and the colouration.[28] The original Coat of Arms from 1857 continues to be used for ceremonial and other formal purposes, such as on testamurs.

Concerns about public funding for higher education were reflected again in 2014 following the federal government's proposal to deregulate student fees. The university held a wide-ranging consultation process, which included a "town hall meeting" at the university's Great Hall on 25 August 2014, where an audience of students, staff and alumni expressed deep concern about the government's plans and called on university leadership to lobby against the proposals. Throughout 2014, Michael Spence took a leading position among Australian vice-chancellors in repeatedly calling for any change to funding to not undermine equitable access to university while arguing for fee deregulation to raise course costs for the majority of higher education students.

In order to further enhance its competitiveness locally and internationally, the university introduce d plans to consolidate existing degrees to reduce the overall number of programs in 2016.

Controversies

In 2001, the University of Sydney chancellor, Dame Leonie Kramer, was forced to resign by the university's governing body. In 2003, Nick Greiner, a former Premier of New South Wales, resigned from his position as chair of the university's Graduate School of Management because of academic protests against his simultaneous chairmanship of British American Tobacco (Australia). Subsequently, his wife, Kathryn Greiner, resigned in protest from the two positions she held at the university as chair of the Sydney Peace Foundation and a member of the executive council of the Research Institute for Asia and the Pacific.

In 2005, the Public Service Association of New South Wales and the Community and Public Sector Union were in dispute with the university over a proposal to privatise security at the main campus (and the Cumberland campus).

Action initiated by Spence to improve the financial sustainability of the university has alienated some students and staff. In 2012, Spence led efforts to cut the university's expenditure to address the financial impact of a slowdown in international student enrolments across Australia. This included redundancies of a number of university staff and faculty, though some at the university argued that the institution should cut back on building programs instead. Critics argue the push for savings has been driven by managerial incompetence and indifference, fuelling industrial action during a round of enterprise bargaining in 2013 that also reflected widespread concerns about public funding for higher education.

An internal staff survey in 2012/13, which found widespread dissatisfaction with how the university is being managed. Asked to rate their level of agreement with a series of statements about the university, 19 per cent of those surveyed believed "change and innovation" were handled well by the university. In the survey, 75 per cent of university staff indicated senior executives were not listening to them, while only 22 per cent said change was handled well and 33 per cent said senior executives were good role models.

In the first week of semester, some staff passed a motion of no confidence in Spence because of concerns he was pushing staff to improve the budget while he received a performance bonus of $155,000 that took his total pay to $1 million, in the top 0.1 per cent of income earners in Australia. Fairfax reports Spence and other Uni bosses have salary packages worth ten times more than staff salaries and double that of the Prime Minister.

During Spence's term, the university community was divided over allowing students from an elite private school, Scots College, to enter university via a "pathway of privilege" by means of enrolling in a Diploma of Tertiary Preparation rather than meeting HSC entry requirements. The university charged students $12,000 to take the course and have since successfully admitted a number of students to degree courses. An exposé by Fairfax which turned out to be based on a misunderstanding as to VET and UAC matriculation standards, the scheme has been criticised by Phillip Heath, the national chairman of the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia.

An investigation by Fairfax in 2015 revealed widespread cheating at universities across NSW, including the University of Sydney. The university established a taskforce on academic misconduct in April 2015 to maintain its leadership position in preventing incidences of cheating and academic misconduct.

A 2016 investigation by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation exposed corporate deals between the Veterinary Faculty and large pet food companies had resulted in the withholding of harmful cat food product tested to protect corporate sponsors.

The Institute of Public Affairs’ third (2018) annual audit of free speech on Australian campuses has named the University of Sydney, the Australian National University and James Cook University as the most hostile to free speech based on measures that “aggregate (the) number of problematic policies and actions”. An appendix, provided by the Institute of Public Affairs, listed 51 alleged incidents at 20 universities in which freedom of expression was said to have come under attack. The Univer sity of Sydney accounted for the largest share (19 out of 51 or 37%) of those alleged incidents. A national code to protect freedom of speech at universities has been endorsed by the federal government. It is intended to counter the risk of overreach by university administrators and aims to restrain rules that stifle opinions that some might consider unwelcome, offensive or even insulting.

In the 2019 Student Experience Survey, the University of Sydney recorded the second lowest student satisfaction rating out of all Australian universities, and the second lowest student satisfaction rating out of all New South Wales universities, with an overall satisfaction rating of 74.2; this was lower than the national average rating of 78.4.

Academic profile

Rankings

The 2022 QS World University Rankings ranked the University of Sydney at 38th in the world, 2nd nationally and top-ranked university in New South Wales. In addition, it is ranked 27th in the world by academic reputation. By subject, QS ranked the university in the top 50 across all five broad subject areas.

· 15th in Arts and Humanities

· 39th in Engineering and Technology

· 15th in Life Sciences and Medicine

· 43rd in Natural Sciences

· 14th in Social Sciences and Management

Additionally, the University of Sydney is ranked 2nd in Sports-related Subjects, 10th in Anatomy & Physiology, 11th in Veterinary Science, 12th in Education, 14th in Law and Legal Studies, 15th in Nursing, 16th in Architecture, 18th in Accounting and Finance, 18th in English Language and Literature, 18th in Medicine and 18th in Pharmacy and Pharmacology.

The 2020 QS Graduate Employability Rankings ranked the University of Sydney graduates 4th most employable in the world and 1st in Australia and the Asia Pacific region.

The 2021 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the University of Sydney 51st in the world and 2nd in Australia. By subject area, the university is ranked:

· 58th in Arts and Humanities

· 37th in Clinical, Pre-clinical and Health

· 76th in Engineering and Technology

· 47th in Life Sciences

· 97th in Physical Sciences

· 68th in Social Sciences

· 83rd in Business and Economics

· 101-125th in Computer Science

· 33rd in Law

· 24th in Education

· 65th in Psychology

Additionally, the 2020 Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings ranked the University of Sydney 51-60th most reputable in the world and 35th in the world in the Global University Employability Ranking 2020. According to the 2020 Impact Rankings by Times Higher Education, the university is ranked 2nd in the world.

The 2021 US News & World Report's Best Global Universities Rankings placed the University of Sydney 27th in the world and 2nd in Australia. In the 2020 Academic Ranking of World Universities published by the Shanghai Ranking Consultancy, the University of Sydney is ranked 69th and in the top 0.7% of the top 1000 universities in the world.

The University of Sydney is ranked 1st in Australia and 29th overall in the 2017 CWTS Leiden Rankings for research impact. In 2019, the University of Sydney is ranked 33rd among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings. In 2019, Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities by National Taiwan University, the University of Sydney is ranked 29th in the world, 2nd in Australia. The University of Sydney is ranked 1st in Australia and 24th in the world according to the 2020-2021 University Ranking by Academic Performance.

The University of Sydney Business School has cemented its place among the world's leadi ng providers of business education with accreditations from AACSB, AMBA and EQUIS - leading authorities on postgraduate management studies, thereby achieving the top 1 percent "triple crown" status.

The London-based Financial Times has ranked the University of Sydney Business School's flagship Master of Management as Australia's number one program of its kind for the eighth consecutive year since 2013. The Master of Management (MMgt) program was also ranked in the world's top 5 for "career progress" made by its graduates in 2019.

In terms of alumni wealth, the number of wealthy Sydney alumni was ranked 5th outside the United States, behind Oxford, Mumbai, Cambridge and the London School of Economics according to the American Broadcasting Company. Business magazine Spear's placed the University of Sydney 44th in the world and 2nd in Australia in its table of "World's top 100 universities for producing millionaires".

Endowments and research grants

The university has received a number of significant bequests and legacies over its history. The following are current professorships (chairs), funds, fellowships and scholarships which are funded by bequests and legacies and named after benefactors:

· Douglas Burrows Chair of Paediatrics and Child Health

· John Challis Bequest for chairs in Law, International Law, Jurisprudence, Anatomy, Biology, Civil Engineering, English Literature, History and philosophy (see Challis Professorship)

· Carlyle Greenwell Research Fund in Anthropology and Archaeology

· Edwin Cuthbert Hall Chair of Middle Eastern Archaeology

· Mitchell Notaras Fellowship in Colorectal Surgery

· Robert W Storr Chair for Hepatic Medicine

· The Peter Nicol Russell Undergraduate Scholarship